A team of academic researchers from MacEwan University in Edmonton, Lakehead University in Thunder Bay, Western University in London, University of Saskatchewan, Trent University in Peterborough, University of Waterloo and Canadian Light Source at the University of Saskatchewan, have shed new light on a historic mystery. Did the crew die because lead poisoning played a pivotal role in the loss of the Franklin Expedition? The research report published in PLOS ONE, the world’s first multidisciplinary Open Access journal suggests otherwise.
Background
In the summer of 1845, under the command of Sir John Franklin, 128 officers and crew aboard the ships HMS Erebus and HMS Terror entered the waters of Arctic North America with the goal of completing the discovery of the Northwest Passage. Franklin and his crew spent the first winter at Beechey Island, where three crewmen died and were buried.
The following year the ships became stranded in ice off King William Island where they remained until April 1848. By this time the crew, now reduced to 105 men, made a desperate attempt to reach the mainland. Sadly, not one individual survived.
Previous analyses of bone, hair, and soft tissue samples from the remains of crew members found that tissues contained elevated lead levels, suggesting that lead poisoning may have been a major contribution to their demise.
Hypotheses and findings
However, questions remained regarding the timing and degree of exposure to lead and, ultimately, the extent to which the crew members may have been impacted. To address this historical question, the research team investigated three hypotheses to test the theory that lead poisoning was not the primary cause of the crew’s deaths:
- First, if elevated lead exposure was experienced by the crew during the expedition, the team hypothesized that those sailors who survived longer (King William Island vs. Beechey Island) would exhibit more extensively distributed lead in their bones.
- Second, the team hypothesized that lead levels would be elevated in bone microstructural features forming at or near the time of death, compared with older tissue in the body.
- Finally, if lead exposure played a significant role in the failure of the expedition the team hypothesized that bone samples would exhibit evidence of higher or more sustained levels of lead than that of a contemporary British naval 19th century naval population from Antigua.
Testing the hypotheses
Synchrotron-based high resolution confocal X-ray fluorescence imaging in partnership with scientists at the Canadian Light Source synchrotron at the University of Saskatchewan and the Advanced Photon Source was used to visualize lead distribution within bone and dental structures at the micro scale.
A synchrotron image taken by Western University of a tooth root from an individual from King William Island showing the lead deep in the cementum showing long term exposure.
Findings
The data did not support the first hypothesis as lead distribution within the samples from the two different Franklin sites was similar. Evidence of lead within skeletal microstructural features formed near the time of death lent support to the team’s second hypothesis but consistent evidence of a marked elevation in lead levels was lacking.
Finally, the comparative analysis with the Antigua samples did not support the hypothesis that the Franklin sailors were exposed to an unusually high level of lead compared to navy personnel from the same time period.
Taken all together, the team’s skeletal microstructural results do not support the conclusion that lead played a pivotal role in the loss of Franklin and his crew.
The academic research team includes:
Treena Swanston, MacEwan University, Edmonton, Alberta.
Tamara Varney, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario.
Madalena Kozachuk, Western University, London, Ontario.
Andrew Nelson, Western University, London, Ontario.
Ronald Martin, Western University, London, Ontario
David Cooper, University of Saskatchewan.
Ian Coulthard, Canadian Light Source, University of Saskatchewan.
Brian Brewer, Canadian Light Source, University of Saskatchewan.
Sanjukta Choudhury, University of Saskatchewan,
Anne Keenleyside, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario.
Douglas Stenton, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario.
About Plos One
PLOS ONE is the world’s first multidisciplinary Open Access journal. PLOS ONE accepts scientifically rigorous research, regardless of novelty. PLOS ONE’s broad scope provides a platform to publish primary research including interdisciplinary and replication studies as well as negative results. The journal’s publication criteria are based on high ethical standards and rigor of the methodology and conclusions reported.
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